《科學》雜志曾于創刊125周年之際發布過125個推動基礎科學研究的科學難題，對指引其后十幾年的科學發展產生積極影響。

      16年過去了，科技發展日新月異，科學突破層出不窮，許多問題得到一定程度的解答，一些問題更深入?！熬薮蟮淖兓谠S多科學領域發生，現在正是回顧過往和展望未來的大好時機（great time），來尋找科學靈感。我相信這些問題將成為代表未來的年輕人思考的重要部分?！笔澜珥敿饪茖W家協會副主席、2013年諾貝爾化學獎的主Michael Levitt在致辭中說到。

      此次125個科學問題《科學》雜志?？鳛榻淮蠼ㄐ?25周年紀念活動之一，問題征集結合國際前沿、全球共需、科學發展，聚焦前瞻重大科學問題，面向科學家、學生、社會征集。世界頂尖科學家協會也發揮資源優勢，邀請諾貝爾獎、沃爾夫獎、拉斯克獎、圖靈獎、麥克阿瑟天才獎等世界“最強大腦”共同參與，共同討論人類當前與未來面對的科學問題。

SJTU & Science 125個科學問題

Mathematical Sciences

數學

1. What makes prime numbers so special?

1.什么使素數如此特別？

2. Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?

2.納維爾-斯托克斯問題會得到解決嗎？

3. Is the Riemann hypothesis true?

3.黎曼猜想是真的嗎？

Chemistry

化學

1. Are there more color pigments to discover?

1.還有更多色彩元素可發現嗎？

2. Will the periodic table ever be complete?

2.元素周期表會完整嗎？

3. How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?

3.如何在微觀層面測量界面現象？

4. What is the future for energy storage？

4.能量存儲的未來是怎樣的？

5. Why does life require chirality?

5.為什么生命需要手性？

6. How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?

6.我們如何更好地管理世界上的塑料廢物？

7. Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?

7.AI會重新定義化學的未來嗎？

8. How can matter be programmed into living materials?

8.物質如何被編碼而成為生命材料？

9. What drives reproduction in living systems?

9.是什么驅動生命系統的復制？

Medicine & Health

醫學與健康

1. Can we predict the next pandemic?

1.我們可以預測下一次流行病嗎？

2. Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?

2.我們會找到治療感冒的方法嗎？

3. Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?

3.我們可以設計和制造出為個人定制的藥物嗎？

4. Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?

4.人體組織或器官可以完全再生嗎？

5. How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?

5.如何維持和調節免疫穩態？

6. Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?

6.中醫的經絡系統有科學依據嗎？

7. How will the next generation of vaccines be made?

7.下一代疫苗將如何生產？

8. Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?

8.我們能否克服抗生素耐藥性？

9. What is the etiology of autism?

9.自閉癥的病因是什么？

10. What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?

10.我們的微生物組在健康和疾病中扮演什么角色？

11. Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?

11.異種移植能否解決供體器官的短缺問題？

Biology

生命科學

1. What could help conservation of the oceans?

1.什么可以幫助保護海洋？

2. Can we stop ourselves from aging?

2.我們可以阻止自己衰老嗎？

3. Why can only some cells become other cells?

3.為什么只有一些細胞會變成其他細胞？

4. Why are some genomes so big and others very small?

4.為什么有些基因組非常大而另一些卻很?。?/span>

5. Will it be possible to cure all cancers?

5.有可能治愈所有癌癥嗎？

6. What genes make us uniquely human?

6.哪些基因使我們人類與眾不同？

7. How do migratory animals know where they're going?

7.遷徙動物如何知道它們要去哪里？

8. How many species are there on Earth?

8.地球上有多少物種？

9. How do organisms evolve?

9.有機體是如何進化的？

10. Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?

10.為什么恐龍長得如此之大？

11. Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?

11.遠古人類是否曾與其他類人祖先雜交？

12. Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?

12.人類為什么會對貓狗如此著迷？

13. Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?

13.世界人口會無限增長嗎？

14. Why do we stop growing?

14.我們為什么會停止生長？

15. Is de-extinction possible?

15.能否復活滅絕生物？

16. Can humans hibernate?

16.人類可以冬眠嗎？

17. Where do human emotions originate?

17.人類的情感源于何處？

18. Will humans look physically different in the future?

18.未來人類的外貌會有所不同嗎？

19. Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?

19.為什么會發生物種大爆發和大滅絕？

20. How might genome editing be used to cure disease?

20.基因組編輯將如何用于治療疾??？

21. Can a cell be artificially synthesized?

21.可以人工合成細胞嗎？

22. How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?

22.細胞內的生物分子是如何組織從而有序有效發揮作用的？

Astronomy

天文學

1. How many dimensions are there in space?

1.空間中有多少個維度？

2. What is the shape of the universe?

2.宇宙的形狀是怎樣的？

3. Where did the big bang start?

3.大爆炸從何處開始？

4. Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?

4.為什么行星的軌道不衰減并導致它們相互碰撞？

5. When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?

5.宇宙何時消亡？它會繼續膨脹嗎？

6. Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?

6.我們有可能在另一個星球上長期居住嗎？

7. Why do black holes exist?

7.為什么存在黑洞？

8. What is the universe made of?

8.宇宙是由什么構成的？

9. Are we alone in the universe?

9.我們是宇宙中唯一的生命體嗎？

10. What is the origin of cosmic rays?

10.宇宙射線的起源是什么？

11. What is the origin of mass?

11.物質的起源是什么？

12. What is the smallest scale of space-time?

12.時空的最小尺度是是多少？

13. Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?

13.水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的么，還是僅對地球生命？

14. What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?

14.是什么阻止了人類進行深空探測？

15. Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?

15.愛因斯坦的廣義相對論是正確的嗎？

16. How are pulsars formed?

16.脈沖星是如何形成的？

17. Is our Milky Way Galaxy special?

17.我們的銀河系特別嗎？

18. What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?

18.深層生物圈的規模、組成和意義是什么？

19. Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?

19.人類有一天會不得不離開地球嗎（還是會在嘗試中死去）？

20. Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?

20.宇宙中的重元素來自何處？

21. Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?

21.有可能了解致密恒星和物質的結構嗎？

22. What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?

22.高能宇宙中微子的起源是什么？

23. What is gravity?

23.什么是重力？

Physics

物理學

1. Is there a diffraction limit?

1.有衍射極限嗎？

2. What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?

2.高溫超導的微觀機理是什么？

3. What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?

3.物質傳熱的極限是什么？

4. What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?

4.集體運動的基本原理是什么？

5. What are the smallest building blocks of matter?

5.什么是物質的最小組成部分？

6. Will we ever travel at the speed of light?

6.我們會以光速行駛嗎？

7. What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?

7.什么是量子不確定性，為什么它很重要？

8. Will there ever be a "theory of everything"?

8.會有“萬有理論”嗎？

9. Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?

9.為什么時間似乎只朝一個方向流動？

10. What is dark matter?

10.什么是暗物質？

11. Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?

11.我們可以制作出真人大小的隱形斗篷嗎？

12. Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?

12.是否存在與光子性質或狀態相反的粒子？

13. Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?

13.玻色-愛因斯坦冷凝體未來會被廣泛使用嗎？

14. Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?

14.人類能制造出與太陽光相似的非相干強激光嗎？

15. What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?

15.我們最多可以將粒子加速到多快？

16. Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?

16.量子多體糾纏比量子場更基本嗎？

17. What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?

17.量子計算機的最佳硬件是什么？

18. Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?

18.我們可以精確模擬宏觀和微觀世界嗎？

Information Science

信息科學

1. Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?

1.計算機處理速度是否有上限？

2. Can AI replace a doctor?

2.AI可以代替醫生嗎？

3. Can topological quantum computing be realized?

3.拓撲量子計算可以實現嗎？

4. Can DNA act as an information storage medium?

4.DNA可以用作信息存儲介質嗎？

Engineering & Material Science

工程與材料科學

1. What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?

1.湍流的最終統計不變性是什么？

2. How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?

2.我們如何突破當前的能量轉換效率極限？

3. How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?

3.我們如何在火星上開發制造系統？

4. Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?

4.純無人駕駛汽車的未來是否現實？

Neuroscience

神經科學

1. What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?

1.神經元放電序列的編碼準則是什么？

2. Where does consciousness lie?

2.意識存在于何處？

3. Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?

3.能否數字化地存儲、操控和移植人類記憶？

4. Why do we need sleep?

4.為什么我們需要睡眠？

5. What is addiction and how does it work?

5.什么是成癮？

6. Why do we fall in love?

6.為什么我們會墜入愛河？

7. How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?

7.言語如何演變形成，大腦的哪些部分對其進行控制？

8. How smart are nonhuman animals?

8.除人類以外的其他動物有多聰明？

9. Why are most people right-handed?

9.為什么大多數人都是右撇子？

10. Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?

10.我們可以治愈神經退行性疾病嗎？

11. Is it possible to predict the future?

11.有可能預知未來嗎？

12. Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?

12.精神障礙能否有效診斷和治療？

Ecology

生態學

1. Can we stop global climate change?

1.我們可以阻止全球氣候變化嗎？

2. Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?

2.我們能把過量的二氧化碳存到何處？

3. What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?

3.是什么創造了地球的磁場（為什么它會移動）？

4. Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?

4.我們是否能夠更準確地預測災害性事件（海嘯、颶風、地震）？

5. What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?

5.如果地球上所有的冰融化會怎樣？

6. Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?

6.我們可以創造一種環保的塑料替代品嗎？

7. Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?

7.幾乎所有材料都可以回收再利用是否可以實現？

8. Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?

8.我們會很快看到小麥、玉米、大米和大豆等單一作物的終結嗎？

Energy Science

能源科學

1. Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?

1.我們可以生活在一個去化石燃料的世界中嗎？

2. What is the future of hydrogen energy?

2.氫能的未來是怎樣的？

3. Will cold fusion ever be possible?

3.冷聚變有可能實現嗎？

Artificial Intelligence

人工智能

1. Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?

1.可注射的抗病納米機器人會成為現實嗎？

2. Will it be possible to create sentient robots?

2.是否有可能創建有感知力的機器人？

3. Is there a limit to human intelligence?

3.人類智力是否有極限？

4. Will artificial intelligence replace humans?

4.人工智能會取代人類嗎？

5. How does group intelligence emerge?

5.群體智能是如何出現的？

6. Can robots or AIs have human creativity?

6.機器人或 AI 可以具有人類創造力嗎？

7. Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?

7.量子人工智能可以模仿人腦嗎？

8. Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?

8.我們可以和計算機結合以形成人機混合物種嗎？

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